2.
  -2024
   

( -   -)
 :      :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.                  
  
2.          
 -
3.               
  -        
4.           ,      
     
 -
5.                 
         
2.
6.    '       ' -   
-
7.               
8.      ?             
?
  -2024
   

( -   -)
 :      :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.                  
  
:     :         
 
    ?          - ,
              
  

,            
 ,     
      
2.
,         ""     

, 
          ,       
 '            
;  
               
   -- ,  
 -        
      
   
  ', 
         , "
  '   
    ,  ,      "
 ,           
   ,   
 ,
     -   ,      
   
      ,           , 
       

           ""  " "  
    -        
         , 
"  "                
     
           
   -    
 ,      :
      ,   
        
   ,  
  ,         
;   
           
;   
  
   
,    '   
  ,    , "!
  ,       
      
 ,  
"
  ,       ,     - , ,
      -        ,   
2.
     
,        

                 
,               -
, ,          ,  
 
      ,        
 
 ,   -:
     
       
   
       
,    
   
  ,   , ,      -    
 
  " " 
   ,  
    
      
,     - 
1.    ?
o   :   
 ;   
o   :   
 ;    ' 
2.   ?
o :     ;      

o :   ;       
3. 
     ?
o : ,      
o : ,       
4.    
o :   ,     ,  
' 
o :   ,       
   
5.  ( )
o   , ,   - '  
2.
o   , ,       '
 
    
   
           - , 
,  - 
   ,         
           - , ,  -

   ,   
 
 -    ,          
       
 ,     
     ,  
     ,        ,
        
 16
 17
     ,     
            , 
  
 ,       , 
            
 ,     
 ,  ,   
      ,    
     
, 
-         
 ,   ?
 
                   
,          
,         ,   
 
 
,    
 , ,       ,    ,
   
2.
         ,    ( )  
,    ,    ( )        
    ,   , -      
 ,                
,        
      
 , 
   

              
         , "    ,"    
 , "    "   ,      :  
,   ,   
     , 
          
   ,       '        ,
   
        
,   
    -   
            
    
2.          
:󷊆󷊇:     
 
17
 18
 , ,       
           
   ,      - ,   -   
   '   
 ,         " " (  ,
, )          ,  "  " (  , ,
)          
      :  
    
   ,  
             ?
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  : “Esse est percipi”
2.
              : "Esse est percipi" -
"   "
              '  

 ,         
 
  ,   ,  
    
,     
    
 :      

 -     
  - 
?      ?
    :     
,       

  ,        ,   
       
󷩡󷩟󷩠        
1.      
         '        
    ""      - 
   
 
,    
2.      
  ,      :
o  :     (, , , )
o    ():    (    )
" "     

3.     ' 
           (  "" 
""    )    
        -  
    ,  

      ,      "" 
4.    
        
 
      ,   
     
        
 ,        :   ,  
    '  ,   
2.
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘          
   : 
   ,  
 ,   
          
     " "

  ,         

   :    
 -        ( 
,   ,   )        
   :          
,  
   ?  : , 
    
󷊭󷊮󷊯󷊱󷊰󷊲󷊳󷊴󷊵󷊶     
?
1.    :       ,   
         
2.    :  ',         
          '   '  
 ,        " "     
3.    :          
        ,     
  
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃    ' 
 :             


  :          

 ,       '    
  :          (
        )            '
        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
           ,  
   
19
 , ,         
   ,     
  ,      ,  ,   
       
󼩺󼩻   
    
2.
  '     
 (   )  
     " " 
 -         
  
 ,  ,   
         ,
 
    
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
        -   
           -      
       

              
     
,  ,         
    -    ,      
             '  
        
    
""  ,   
       
 ,           :   , ,
                 

,    ,    
 -
3.               
  -        
:    :       
      
 ,        , 
      -  ,  ,     ,  

   ,            
 - 
    : , ,   , , ,     
     
 
 ,     :      ?      
    (     )?     -  
  (     )?
2.
        17
 ,     
             :  
  
 -   ,  ,        
 "" 
        
    ,    "    "   -
  -  :
 ,           ,
 "   "            
  ,       -     ,
          
   ,        
,  
,    
       
 ,     ,     : "  
     
,      -     ,  
  
 "
 :      
       ""     ""  ""  
      
 -  , ,   
          
     ,           
                

,       ,      
 ,   
 
    -        

   - -       '  

    -     
,      

 ,     
,      ,  
    
2.
      ?
  ,      : "       

,      ?         ?"
       :    
          ,     
              
             -      
,        
 ,  
       ,        
          ,   -- 

  ,              
       ,         
  

  
 ? 
,   -  
  -   ,   :
    () 

   () 

      -     ,   
   
 ,    
     ,  
       
 ,     

    :   
         ,      
,   
,     
   ?  , 
 
,             -
   
                

,   ,         
  
    ,       
2.
               
 
  
      
         
 -      :
1.    ,   ,       
 
           
2.           ,   
   ,      
3.              
       ,   
4.           ,    , "
     "         
,          
      
 ()  :          
   ,       
 
  ( )  :         
           

   ,
               
 
   :               , 
  
      
 ?
 ,            , 
      
 ,         :  
,   
     ,       , 
      

       :       ,    
 ,   
   ,  
       
2.
,       
  ,     ,    
      -     ,  
    ' 
      

,     
    ,          ,
  ,   
     ,   
,          
 
         :    
  
       ,   ,   ,    
    
 
4.           ,      
     
:󷊆󷊇  ?
  :           
      
 :
o  ( )       -   
o        
   :    ,  
     
        (Deus sive
Natura)     ,         
;    ,         
󷩡󷩟󷩠   
1.     
  "               "
   
       '  

    ,    
 ,         , 
   ,    
  ,      

2.
2.       
          
         
,   ,     
      
          ,    
     -    -     
      ,    :     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
    ,  
   ?     
 
1.   
   "          "
  :             
2. 
       , 
   
           :
o (    )
o (    )
3.        
 ,     -  
 ,        
       ()      ()
 ,   
      ,    
    
  
     :      ,   
  
󷊭󷊮󷊯󷊱󷊰󷊲󷊳󷊴󷊵󷊶   
    
 : 
1.     
2.
       
   ,    
    ,    
2.  
  -    ,  ,    -   
   ' 
,          
3.    
     
 ,          

 
  ,           
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘   
      :
      -   
      -   
      -    
   
   , 
      
 

   ,   ( )   ( )   

 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
   
1.    :   ,   ,   
       
2.   :
       ,      
     
     
;     
3.   : ,            
   
     ,  
        
     
4.    :         
,  
         ,     , 
    
󼩺󼩻   
    
2.
    ,    
           -      (
,   )
       -   ,      
    

         
 ,   
        
 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
               

 :  ,  
 :   ,   -   
:
   ,   '   
:   ,    
      ,  
 ,    ,
            -
  
,             
 ,       
 -       
         ,    ,         
 
 -
5.                 
         
:   :         
      
     '   
  
    -           ,     '
                
   ,   ,        :
"     ,   '       ,   
            "
2.
   ,   ,       
   : "       ,  ,  , ,
    
    , 
    
 "
,  ,      ,       
       ' ,       
,            
  :   

       : "     "
17
   ,           
                   -   
             ,      
    
   : ,     

   
       , 2 + 2 = 4    
   ;    '  
  
    
  
 :  '    -     
   '         ' , "  ,
   ,"        
   :      ,    
         ,      
 ,         ,      
  ,         
   :   

   , ,  ,          
     ,      ,  
 -       "  "   
   : " -    
    
( )   
 '        
 "
2.
 
 : ,      ( 
 

 )   (
     )  
   
,   

     
:         
          ,     
       

 
    :  ,   '    - -
        ,  
     
,  
  
      
 ,            ,
,          
    :    ,    
  
     ,   '      
1.  
o :       
 
o :       
 
2.   
o :       ,    
   
o :    '    ,     
  
 
3.    
o :      ,        
o :       ,    
    '  
4. 
o :     ,  '  
o :     ,    
5.  
o :    ,   ,     

o :  
  ,     
6. 
o :     ,      
o :   (     )   
  '    


2.
        
           
 - 
    
  ,       
     '      

 ,       , ,   -
     ,      
 
,   18
   ,      
,         : "     ;   
  "   ,          
 
    :     
         
    : "     ,        
     , 
          
     "
   : "
,          
           
 ,    
"
   '   -             
  '    
 :      
               -
           '  ,    
    '  
  ',       ,   ,       
      ;       
  ,        
     


 ,        '   
      
 :          ,      
2.
,               

 
6.    '       ' -   
:󷊆󷊇-  ?
  :-           , 
 
           ""  
-  -, ,       
  :      
 ,     
󷩡󷩟󷩠   ' -     
1.  
,          -
   

 :       ,      ,
     , "  ,    "   

      '   
 :     - ,   --   
 , --      ,        
 
: " -"   ,  
   
 
 ,     
       
'    
2.   
       
         
  -    
 , -      

      ,   "  
,"   
  -  -        

2.
3.     
       ,      
 , - ()          
   
       -    

  
 ,   
        
   
   -    
    
     
4.  - 
20
 ,              

           ,  
   ',       
 , 
      --   ,  
         
         ,      -
 '   
5.     
  ,  (    )    
    
        ,      
 

  :    '      ()   
  ,   
 :  - ()        
 
, -   
,    -    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
1. :      

2. -:    ',        
3. :          
 
 
4. :    
,       
2.
5.  :        - 

 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘    -    
:   2+2=4     ;    

 :            


:          
    -    
  : 
   '          
   ,  
 '   
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃-  
 -:
           ?
   :     
 
   :     ,    


    , -      
   
          
 
󼩺󼩻   
     
   '   --   
      
      
         '
,       
       ,         

󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
   -    ,   '       
       ,   '     
   
 
      
         
        
2.
       ,  - , ,
                   ,
            
 
 ,    
         
 -  
    '       ,       
   
-
7.               
: :      
   
    ,     ,  
  , 
     : "  
?      ? 
          ?"
    ,     ,     
  -     
         ,
               
 
; ,     ,     
          
   ?
        ,    '  
   ,      "     "
            -    

   ,       ( )     ,
         
  
   ,   
,    
, 
    
 
  ,       

 
   ,
         
      ' - ,  ,  ,
              
2.
  ,              
  '       
   
    , 19
 20
      
  
-        ,   
   
     ,       
             ,  
     
   ,   : "   -     
   ?       
  ,  
  
?"
 ,            -  
              

     
         ,  
- 
     
1.        
        , ,     

  , 
    
  
:           -        
?   , , , ,           
   
     
 ;     

 
2.
2.     
                  
  
  - 
    ,        
    
   ,  
   ,     
 
:     ,           
  ,             "" 
3.  
          ,      
   
            "" ( ) 
  -        ,      
 " 
  ,"   
         
       
     ,     

 
4.    
    
 -        
                
 
   
   
  '    (  , , 
)        
         
       
              
 
2.
5. 
    ""       ,  
    
     ,     
              
              ,   
 
 ,               ,  
           
6. 
   '           
  '         
   
  "   "  ,       
   -        
7.     

  
 ,           
     ,  ,    

    '  : "   "  ,    
  
  '   ,          
   
-  ""   ,         
 
     
     ,           :
          :   ,  
               
 
       :   ,     
    -      
   :     
   , "

  
       "
2.
   
;            
   : "      ,     "
   
   
   , --  ,       ,
      
 ,        
     
    
 :
     

     

      
      
     -       ,    
  
 

,   ?              -
    : 
 , 
 ,       
          
   - , , , , ,    
  -    
           
      :  ,   ,    
      ,     
 -    ,
        
8.      ?             
?
:󷊆󷊇     ?
  :        (  
   
 )   (    )   
                ,
  ',    
  ,    
2.
  :          :
1.   (   ,  "  
 ")
2.      ( "    ' 100°C '
 ")
  ,  ,        
󷩡󷩟󷩠     
 :  ,      
  (1920-30  ),    ,     
 
 :
o    
o      (    ) 
o      
o   ,       
 
    ' 
         
                
     '   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
      
 = :             '
     (/     ) 
  '   (   )
  :
o    ” →  , 
      
o      ” →  , 
   
 
o "      " → , 
     

 
   ,          

󷊭󷊮󷊯󷊱󷊰󷊲󷊳󷊴󷊵󷊶           
   
   '       


2.
1.  :    

         
'    
              -  

 ,   ,    ,   
: "   "           
   
2.  - 
      :
o   :   ,    ( ,
"   ")
o  :  ,    ( , " 
' ")
       ()      
  ()   
3.    
"," " ,"  ""     
 -    , 
  
 
  
 , "    "     
; 
   ,  
    :         
  
4.   
        -  , 
,  ,      -    
  
        
,    
    
   " "        ,
      
5.    
     '          
       
     , 
          
2.
: "  "     ,    
 

         ,   
6.   
      '       
   ,     (       ,
  ',      )
             
   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘           
:    ' 100°C '  ” →  , 
:“2+2=4” →  ,  
 :  ” →  
,   

 :  ” →   ,      
      (“   !”)
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃       
1. -:      
   -  
   ,   
2.  :    (     )   
'  
,      
3.         :     ,
           
4.     :          
 
    ,      , 
,            
󼩺󼩻   
   
             
  '  
   
     :
o     ( ) 
o    ( ) 
2.
  ,  ,    
  
      ,     
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
        '       

         '   
 
  , ,   ,     
   
        ,      
:     ,        
 ,        -     
            :  
   
         ?
"                  

          ,           "